Market cap
Total company value implied by the market. It is share price multiplied by shares outstanding.
Valuation
Glossary
Search definitions for valuation, financials, price action, market structure, and events used across the app.
Total company value implied by the market. It is share price multiplied by shares outstanding.
Valuation
Price-to-earnings ratio. It compares the current share price with earnings per share.
Valuation
P/E using trailing twelve months earnings. It uses the latest twelve months of EPS instead of only one quarter.
Valuation
Median P/E across same-industry peers where a company-level P/E is available.
Valuation
Industry comparison P/E shown in this app as the median P/E of same-industry peers with company P/E data.
Valuation
Price/earnings-to-growth ratio. It divides P/E by earnings growth, usually EPS growth.
Valuation
Price-to-book ratio. It compares market price with book value per share.
Valuation
Accounting net worth of the company: assets minus liabilities attributable to shareholders.
Valuation
Book value divided by shares outstanding. P/B is usually price divided by this number.
Valuation
Return on equity. It shows how much profit the company generates relative to shareholder equity.
Valuation
Return on capital employed. It compares operating profit with the capital used in the business.
Valuation
Return on assets. It compares profit with total assets to show how efficiently assets generate earnings.
Valuation
Annual dividend as a percentage of the current market price.
Valuation
A metric that compares market price or market value with business fundamentals such as earnings, book value, or growth.
Valuation
Current market price. The latest traded or quoted price used for valuation ratios.
Valuation
Earnings per share. Net profit available to shareholders divided by the number of shares.
Financials
Money earned from business operations before expenses are deducted.
Financials
Profit after tax. The final profit left after expenses, interest, and tax.
Financials
Owners' accounting claim on the company after liabilities are deducted from assets.
Financials
A leverage ratio comparing borrowings with shareholder equity.
Financials
Trailing twelve months. A rolling one-year window built from the latest reported periods.
Financials
Nominal value assigned to one share in the company's books. It is not the market price.
Financials
Company financials reported for a quarter, usually covering revenue, profit, and EPS.
Financials
Company financials reported for a full financial year.
Financials
The most recent quarterly financial period available in the app.
Financials
Change in profit across periods. It is usually shown as a percentage increase or decrease.
Financials
Change in revenue across periods. It helps show whether the business is expanding or shrinking.
Financials
Moving average. It smooths price over a chosen window, such as 20, 50, or 200 sessions.
Price Action
Moving average over the latest 20 trading sessions. It is commonly used for short-term trend context.
Price Action
Moving average over the latest 50 trading sessions. It is often used for medium-term trend context.
Price Action
Moving average over the latest 200 trading sessions. It is often used for long-term trend context.
Price Action
Simple moving average. It is the plain average of closing prices over a fixed number of sessions.
Price Action
Double Exponential Moving Average. A faster moving average calculated from EMA and EMA-of-EMA.
Price Action
Weighted Moving Average. Recent prices get more weight than older prices in the window.
Price Action
A signal where one line crosses another, such as a short moving average crossing a longer moving average.
Price Action
A moving-average crossover, such as 20D MA crossing 50D MA. It is often used as a trend-change signal.
Price Action
Volatility bands around a moving average, usually 20D SMA plus and minus two standard deviations.
Price Action
A trend-cycle oscillator derived from MACD and stochastic calculations, scaled from low to high momentum.
Price Action
Schaff Trend Cycle. A momentum indicator derived from MACD and stochastic-style smoothing.
Price Action
Moving Average Convergence Divergence. A momentum indicator based on the difference between fast and slow exponential moving averages.
Price Action
Accumulation Distribution Indicator. It uses price position within the daily range and volume to estimate buying or selling pressure.
Price Action
Momentum measure showing the percent price move versus a prior session, such as 20 trading sessions ago.
Price Action
Rate of Change. It shows the percentage move from a previous session to the latest close.
Price Action
Short-term momentum measure: latest close minus the close 10 sessions ago.
Price Action
A faster momentum oscillator showing where RSI sits inside its own recent high-low range.
Price Action
Commodity Channel Index. It compares typical price with its recent average and average deviation.
Price Action
Relative Strength Index. A momentum indicator from 0 to 100; readings above 70 are often considered stretched and below 30 weak.
Price Action
Stochastic RSI. A faster oscillator showing where RSI sits inside its own recent range.
Price Action
Average True Range. It estimates typical daily movement, including gaps.
Price Action
Sensitivity of a stock's returns versus a benchmark such as NIFTY 50. Above 1 means the stock has historically moved more than the benchmark.
Price Action
A stock's return sensitivity compared with NIFTY 50 over the measured window.
Price Action
A label indicating that a metric or signal is generally positive for price direction.
Price Action
A label indicating that a metric or signal is generally negative for price direction.
Price Action
A label indicating that a metric does not clearly lean bullish or bearish.
Price Action
First traded price in the session.
Price Action
Highest traded price in the session.
Price Action
Lowest traded price in the session.
Price Action
Final traded or exchange-published closing price for the session.
Price Action
Number of shares traded during the session.
Price Action
Latest session volume divided by the average volume over the previous 30 sessions.
Price Action
Average daily traded volume over the latest 30 sessions.
Price Action
Lowest and highest traded price over the latest 20 trading sessions.
Price Action
Lowest and highest traded price over the last 52 weeks.
Price Action
Highest traded price over the latest 52-week window.
Price Action
Lowest traded price over the latest 52-week window.
Price Action
How far the latest close is from the highest price in the latest 52-week window.
Price Action
Open, high, low, close, and volume for a trading period.
Price Action
International Securities Identification Number. A 12-character identifier for a security.
Market Structure
National Stock Exchange of India.
Market Structure
Bombay Stock Exchange.
Market Structure
Broad business category a company belongs to, such as Financial Services or IT.
Market Structure
More specific business classification inside a sector.
Market Structure
A stock's percentage influence inside an index basket. Higher weight means more impact on index movement.
Market Structure
A stock that is part of an index basket.
Market Structure
A quick list of index levels and daily moves.
Market Structure
Sector breadth view showing how many stocks in a sector are advancing or declining.
Market Structure
A stock whose latest price move is positive.
Market Structure
A stock whose latest price move is negative.
Market Structure
Latest price and volume shown for a stock on a specific exchange venue such as NSE or BSE.
Market Structure
A peer company that belongs to the same broad sector as the selected stock.
Market Structure
A stock ranked among the larger positive movers for the selected list or index.
Market Structure
A stock ranked among the larger negative movers for the selected list or index.
Market Structure
A stock ranked by high traded volume for the selected list or index.
Market Structure
Foreign Institutional Investor. A foreign institution investing in Indian markets.
Institutions
Domestic Institutional Investor. An Indian institution such as a mutual fund, insurer, or bank investing in markets.
Institutions
Total buy value reported for FIIs in the selected market segment.
Institutions
Total sell value reported for FIIs in the selected market segment.
Institutions
FII buy value minus FII sell value. Positive means net buying; negative means net selling.
Institutions
Total buy value reported for DIIs in the selected market segment.
Institutions
Total sell value reported for DIIs in the selected market segment.
Institutions
DII buy value minus DII sell value. Positive means net buying; negative means net selling.
Institutions
FII net plus DII net for the selected day or window.
Institutions
Buy value minus sell value. It shows whether money moved in or out on net.
Institutions
A recent period such as 5D, 1M, 3M, or 1Y used to aggregate data.
Institutions
Company event such as dividend, split, bonus, rights issue, buyback, or merger.
Events
Cash payment declared by a company for eligible shareholders.
Events
Dividend declared before the company completes its full financial year.
Events
One-time or unusual dividend paid separately from the regular dividend pattern.
Events
Issue of additional shares to existing shareholders in a stated ratio, without cash payment by shareholders.
Events
Offer to existing shareholders to buy additional shares, usually in a stated ratio and at a stated price.
Events
Sub-division of shares that lowers face value per share and increases the number of shares.
Events
Reverse split of shares that raises face value per share and reduces the number of shares.
Events
Company repurchase of its own shares from shareholders or the market.
Events
Separation of one business or undertaking from a company into another entity.
Events
Court or regulator-approved corporate restructuring such as merger, demerger, or capital reorganization.
Events
Annual General Meeting. A yearly shareholder meeting for company approvals and disclosures.
Events
Date from which a buyer is not eligible for the announced corporate action benefit.
Events
Date when the company checks shareholder records for eligibility.
Events
Large exchange-reported trade by an institution or large investor.
Events
Trade disclosure by promoters, directors, key employees, or other insiders.
Events
A company, exchange, or regulatory disclosure linked to a stock or market event.
Events
Contract to buy or sell an asset at a fixed price on a fixed future date. Settled in cash on Indian exchanges. Listed on NFO (equity / index), CDS (currency), and MCX (commodity).
Derivatives
The nearest active expiry of a futures contract. Usually carries the most volume and open interest, so it's where price discovery happens.
Derivatives
Prices of the same underlying across all its active expiries, sorted by date. Tells you how the market is pricing the same asset for delivery at different points in the future.
Derivatives
Futures price minus spot price. Positive = futures trading at a premium (contango). Negative = futures at a discount (backwardation).
Derivatives
Basis expressed as a yearly percentage: ((F − S) / S) × (365 / DTE) × 100. Lets you compare the implied cost-of-carry across different DTEs in one number.
Derivatives
Term structure where farther-dated futures cost more than nearer ones. Normal for most commodities; reflects storage cost + risk-free rate.
Derivatives
Term structure where farther-dated futures cost less than nearer ones. Signals tight near-term supply or strong immediate demand (e.g. squeezed crude inventory).
Derivatives
Annualised premium of one expiry over a nearer expiry of the same underlying. Used as a basis proxy for commodities where no live spot exists (MCX has no genuine spot listing).
Derivatives
Total number of contracts outstanding (not yet closed or expired). Rising OI alongside price = new positions confirming the move. Falling OI alongside price = covering, weaker conviction.
Derivatives
Today's volume divided by total OI. High ratio = fresh build / liquidation day. Low ratio = quiet positioning, contract being held.
Derivatives
Days to expiry. The number of days from today to the contract's settlement date.
Derivatives
Closing a position in the expiring contract and opening the same position in the next expiry. Happens around the last few sessions before expiry.
Derivatives
Number of units of the underlying represented by one futures contract. MCX GOLD = 100 (= 1 kg). CDS USDINR = 1000 (= $1,000). NFO NIFTY = 25.
Derivatives
The rupee notional represented by one lot: price × lot size. Tells you the actual exposure per contract before margin.
Derivatives
Some underlyings (NIFTY, USDINR) list both weekly and monthly contracts. Weeklies often have lower OI / wider bid-ask outside the days right before their own expiry.
Derivatives
Futures & Options. The NSE derivatives segment for equity, index, and currency contracts.
Derivatives
NSE Futures & Options segment. Where Nifty / BankNifty / FinNifty / single-stock futures and options trade.
Derivatives
Currency Derivatives Segment on NSE. Where USDINR / EURINR / GBPINR / JPYINR futures and options trade.
Derivatives
Multi Commodity Exchange. India's main commodity derivatives exchange: gold, silver, crude, natural gas, base metals.
Derivatives
Light sweet crude from the North Sea (UK / Norway), settled on ICE Futures in London. Pricing benchmark for ~2/3 of global crude trade including India's Mideast / African imports.
Macro & Cross-asset
West Texas Intermediate. US-delivered crude (Cushing, Oklahoma), settled on NYMEX. Lighter and sweeter than Brent. MCX CRUDEOIL is cash-settled to NYMEX WTI close, so trading MCX CRUDEOIL is effectively trading WTI in INR.
Macro & Cross-asset
Price of Brent minus price of WTI, in USD per barrel. Historical normal is Brent ~$3-7 above WTI. Wide spread usually reflects global supply concern (Mideast / Russia), not US shale dynamics.
Macro & Cross-asset
Price of gold divided by price of silver (both in the same unit, usually USD per troy ounce). A widening ratio means gold is outperforming silver; the ratio tends to mean-revert over weeks.
Macro & Cross-asset
US Dollar Index. Trade-weighted measure of USD against a basket of major currencies (EUR, JPY, GBP, CAD, CHF, SEK). Rising DXY usually pressures commodities priced in USD.
Macro & Cross-asset
Weekly US crude oil inventory data published by the Energy Information Administration on Wednesdays (10:30 AM EST = ~8:00 PM IST). Moves WTI first; MCX CRUDEOIL echoes the move overnight.
Macro & Cross-asset
Annualised standard deviation of actual past returns, usually measured over the last 20-30 days. Distinct from implied volatility (priced into options). Used for position sizing.
Macro & Cross-asset
Average true range. Mean daily trading range over N days. Wider ATR = bigger expected daily moves, so stops and position size should scale up.
Macro & Cross-asset
Current market price for immediate delivery (or T+2 in interbank FX). USDINR spot is what you'd transact at right now.
Currency / FX
Daily INR-vs-foreign-currency rate published by the Reserve Bank around 12:30 PM IST. CDS USDINR futures cash-settle against this reference. Different from Yahoo's INR=X (which is interbank-market-derived).
Currency / FX
Annualised premium of a USDINR forward over spot for tenors like 1M / 3M / 6M, published by RBI / FBIL. Reflects market expectation of INR depreciation; closely tracks India-US interest rate differential.
Currency / FX
Financial Benchmarks India Pvt Ltd. The agency that publishes USDINR reference rates and forward premia used as the settlement benchmark for Indian FX derivatives.
Currency / FX
Foreign currency assets held by RBI plus gold, SDR holdings, and IMF reserve position. Weekly snapshot is the standard headline ('India's reserves rose to $X bn').
Currency / FX
Mumbai Inter-Bank Offered Rate. Reference rate for unsecured INR lending between banks. Indian equivalent of LIBOR / SOFR for benchmark short-term rates.
Currency / FX
Treasury Bill. Short-term debt issued by the Government of India (91/182/364-day tenors). The 91-day T-Bill cut-off is the de facto risk-free rate for India.
Currency / FX
Rate at which RBI lends overnight funds to commercial banks against government-security collateral. The anchor policy rate set by the MPC every 6 weeks.
Currency / FX
Rate at which RBI borrows overnight from banks. Largely symbolic since April 2022 when SDF replaced it as the operational floor of the LAF corridor.
Currency / FX
Operational floor of RBI's liquidity corridor since April 2022. Banks can park surplus liquidity with RBI at this rate without collateral. Set at Repo − 25 bps.
Currency / FX
Ceiling of the LAF corridor. Banks can borrow overnight from RBI at this rate by dipping into their SLR holdings. Set at Repo + 25 bps; equals the Bank Rate.
Currency / FX
Percentage of Net Demand and Time Liabilities (NDTL) banks must hold as cash with RBI. Earns no interest. RBI changes it to tighten or loosen system liquidity.
Currency / FX
Percentage of NDTL banks must hold in approved liquid assets (cash, gold, government securities). Stable at 18% since January 2020.
Currency / FX
Six-member RBI committee (3 RBI + 3 government-appointed) that sets the Repo Rate via majority vote every 2 months. Governor has a casting vote on ties.
Currency / FX
Consumer Price Index. YoY change in retail prices a household actually pays. Published by MOSPI around the 12th of each month. RBI's MPC targets 4% CPI inflation (±2% band).
Currency / FX
Wholesale Price Index. YoY change in prices at the institutional level (factory gate / wholesale market). Published by the Office of the Economic Advisor around the 14th of each month. More volatile than CPI; sensitive to crude / metals.
Currency / FX
Consumer Food Price Index: the food sub-component of CPI. Food has ~46% weight in headline CPI, so CFPI moves often drive the headline number.
Currency / FX
Monthly measure of factory output: manufacturing (78% weight), mining (14%), electricity (8%). Published by MOSPI with a 1-month lag. YoY % is the headline. Base year 2022-23 from May 2026.
Currency / FX
Survey-based diffusion index of business activity. 50 = no change vs prior month; above 50 = expansion. Published monthly by HSBC / S&P Global. Manufacturing and Services PMIs released separately; Composite is the weighted aggregate.
Currency / FX
Opens and closes positions within the same trading day; carries no overnight exposure. Typically trades a handful of names per session.
Traders & Investors
A type of day trader that takes large positions for very short holds (seconds to minutes) to capture small per-trade moves. High volume, many trades per day.
Traders & Investors
Holds positions for a few days to a few weeks, aiming to capture short-to-medium-term price swings rather than intraday moves.
Traders & Investors
Holds for weeks to several months (longer than a swing trader, shorter than a long-term investor). Usually trades around a thesis or chart structure rather than fundamentals.
Traders & Investors
Buys with a multi-year holding horizon, expecting business performance (earnings growth, cash flows, dividends) to drive returns rather than price action.
Traders & Investors
Buys companies expected to grow earnings and revenue at above-market rates, often paying a higher P/E in exchange for that growth.
Traders & Investors
Buys good businesses trading at a discount to intrinsic value, often when short-term sentiment is negative. Hallmarks: low P/E, low P/B, high margin of safety.
Traders & Investors
Deliberately positions against prevailing market consensus: buys when sentiment is fearful, sells into euphoria. Overlaps heavily with value investing in practice.
Traders & Investors
Buys what's already going up (and shorts what's going down), riding established trends until they break. Opposite of contrarian positioning.
Traders & Investors
Sustained period of rising prices and positive sentiment. No fixed threshold, but a 20%+ rally from a recent low is the common rule-of-thumb.
Trading Basics
Sustained period of falling prices and negative sentiment. Conventionally defined as a 20%+ decline from a recent high.
Trading Basics
Direction of price movement over a defined window: uptrend (higher highs + higher lows), downtrend (lower highs + lower lows), or sideways/range-bound.
Trading Basics
Highest price a stock or index has ever traded at since listing. Distinct from 52-week high (rolling 1-year window).
Trading Basics
Lowest price a stock or index has ever traded at since listing.
Trading Basics
Maximum % a stock can rise in a single session before the exchange halts trading in that name. Set per scrip based on price band rules (5% / 10% / 20%).
Trading Basics
Maximum % a stock can fall in a single session before trading is halted. Symmetric to upper circuit.
Trading Basics
Open, High, Low, Close: the four anchor prices that summarise a stock's movement in a session (or any interval). Basis for candlestick charts.
Trading Basics
Buying a stock or contract expecting the price to rise. Default position for any cash-market purchase.
Trading Basics
Selling a stock or contract you don't own (intraday only in cash equity; carry-forward allowed in F&O), expecting to buy it back lower.
Trading Basics
Close an existing position: sell a long, buy back a short. Required end-of-day for intraday trades to avoid auto-square-off charges.
Trading Basics
A position opened and squared off within the same trading session. Margin requirement is lower than carry-forward; the broker auto-squares anything still open at 3:20 PM IST.
Trading Basics
Exchange segment for cash-market equity and ETF trades (delivery, intraday). Distinct from the F&O segment.
Trading Basics
NSE Futures & Options segment: where equity / index futures and options trade. Different from the cash market (CM).
Trading Basics
Wholesale Debt Market: NSE/BSE segment for institutional bond and government-securities trading. Not retail-facing.
Trading Basics
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